What size furnace does a 1400 sq ft house in Appleton, WI need?

Notes

• Appleton designs to -8°F, and that single number drives everything above. Heat loss is very close to a straight line in the indoor–outdoor difference, so a 78°F design difference gives 56.2 BTU per square foot per hour. The same house needs 43 MBH on a 35°F design day and 89 MBH at −20°F — a factor of 2.09, which is why a national "40 BTU per square foot" figure is useless in both directions.
• Two BTU numbers, and the box shows the bigger one. A 100,000 BTU/hr furnace at 96% AFUE puts 96,000 BTU/hr into the house; the rest goes up the flue. condensing, the common high-efficiency tier. The mistake to avoid is keeping the old input rating when moving to a higher efficiency — swapping an 80% unit for a 96% unit at the same input adds 16,000 BTU/hr of delivered heat the house never asked for.
• 100,000 BTU/hr is 22% above the calculated loss. Input ratings step in 20,000 BTU jumps and there is nothing in between, so this house lands well up the step. A two-stage or modulating furnace fixes it properly: it runs long, low and quiet at part load instead of firing full-tilt for eight minutes and stopping. Single-stage equipment at this size will short cycle through most of the winter.
• Fuel, roughly — and it does not come from the number above. 7,034 heating degree days on a 1,400 ft² house works out to about 701 therms a season, 995 dollars at the national average gas price. That figure is calibrated against what households actually burn, not scaled from the sizing rule of thumb — and the two disagree by a factor of about 2.5, because the sizing table is deliberately conservative. Going from 80% to 96% AFUE here saves roughly $199 a year against an installed price difference usually in the $1,000–2,000 range, so the payback is a real calculation and not an obvious yes.
• This is a heat loss estimate, not a Manual J. The real one counts window area and orientation, insulation R-values, measured air leakage, ceiling height, duct location and how many people live in the house. A tight new build in Appleton can come in a third below this figure; a 1950s house with original windows and no wall insulation can come in a third above. Ask for the Manual J before signing — it costs a few hundred dollars on a $5,000–10,000 installation, and it is the only thing that turns the number above into a specification.
• Where the design temperature comes from. It is the 1st percentile of daily low temperatures at Austin Straubel International Airport, 33 km from downtown Appleton, over 2015–2024 — the same kind of airport station ASHRAE measures at. The percentile was calibrated against eight airports with published ASHRAE values and reproduces them to within 2.2°F on average. Expect a degree or two of difference from a printed table; that is far smaller than the uncertainty in the house itself.